R&D
Member Only
ȸ¿øÀü¿ë
Geology and Geotechnocs Engineering
ÁöÁú/Áö¹Ý±â¼ú
Prevention of Disasters
¹æÀç±â¼ú
Environmental Technology
ȯ°æ±â¼ú
Material Technology
Àç·á±â¼ú
DRR-TAG
Àç³­¾ÈÀü ±â¼ú°³¹ß
KICTEP
¼öº¯±¸Á¶¹°
CATER
È­»êÈ°µ¿ °¨½Ã¿¬±¸
NDMI
¹éµÎ»ê È­»êÀçÇØ
LINC
»êÇÐÇù·Â
Another Science
¿¬±¸±×·ì
DRR-TAG Àç³­¾ÈÀü Home > R&D > DRR-TAG > Region Disaster > 1. GLOF
About DRR-TAG
1. Purpose
2. Necessity
3. Implementation System
4. Researcher
5. Related Wdbsite
4th&5th AMCDRR
4th AMCDRR
5th AMCDRR
Region Disaster
1. GLOF
2. CRM
3. FMM
¿¬±¸¼º°ú
 
 
 
1. GLOF
 
1. ¿¬±¸ÀÇ Çʿ伺
Necessity for Study
 
ÇöÀç ±âÈÄ ¿Â³­È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÈùµÎÄí½Ã-È÷¸»¶ó¾ß (HKH) Áö¿ª ºùÇÏÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ¾ã¾ÆÁö°Å³ª ³ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× °á°ú ºùÇÏ ¸»´Ü¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾îÀÖ´Â ºùÅð¼®À¸·Î Çü¼ºµÈ ÀÚ¿¬ ´ï ¾ÈÂÊ¿¡ ºùÇÏ È«¼ö ¹ß»ýÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ºùÇÏ È£¼öµéÀ» Çü¼º½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ ´ïÀÎ ºùÅð¼® ´ïÀº ºùÇÏÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿ëÀ¶¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼öÀ§ Áõ°¡, ÁÖº¯ÀÇ »ê»çųª ´«»çÅ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºØ±«µÇ°Å³ª ½º½º·Î ºØ±«µÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÈ µ¹¹ß È«¼ö´Â ÇÏ·ù¿¡ ¸·´ëÇÑ ÇÇÇØ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù. È÷¸»¶ó¾ß¿Í À¯»çÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óµéÀ» ÀÏÄÃ¾î ºùÇÏ È«¼ö(GLOF)¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. 1985¿¡´Â ³×ÆÈÀÇ ÄñºÎÈ÷¸» Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºùÇÏ È«¼ö Dig TshoÀÇ ¹ü¶÷À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ °ÅÀÇ ¿Ï°øµÇ¾ú´ø ³²Ã¼ ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®°¡ ¸ðµÎ Æı«µÇ°í ÇÏ·ùÁö¿ªÀÌ ¸·´ëÇÑ ÇÇÇظ¦ ÀÔÀº »ç°ÇÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áß±¹¿¡¼­ ¹ü¶÷ÇÑ ºùÇÏÈ£ È£¼ö°¡ ³×ÆÈ, Àεµ, ºÎź±îÁö ÇÇÇظ¦ ÀÔÈ÷´Â µî, GLOFµéÀº ±¹°æÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇؼ­ ¾Ç¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºÎź, Áß±¹, Àεµ, ³×ÆÈ°ú ÆÄÅ°½ºÅºÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ 5°³ ÈùµÎ Äí½Ã-È÷¸»¶ó¾ß Áö¿ªÀÇ ºùÇÏ¡¤ºùÇÏÈ£ ¸ñ·Ï¿¡´Â ÃѸéÀû 33,344 sq.kmÀÇ 8,790°³ ºùÇÏÈ£°¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× Áß 204°³°¡ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ À§ÇèÈ£¼ö·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÆÄÅ°½ºÅº, Àεµ, ¾ÆÇÁ°¡´Ï½ºÅº, ¹Ì¾á¸¶ µî¿¡ ºÐÆ÷ÇÏ´Â ºùÇÏ È£¼ö´Â ÀÌ ¸ñ·Ï¿¡¼­ ´Ù·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ½ÇÁ¦ ÈùµÎ Äí½Ã-È÷¸»¶ó¾ß Áö¿ªÀÇ ºùÇÏÈ£¼öÀÇ ÃѱԸð´Â ¸ñ·ÏÀÇ ±â·Ïº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 
Many parts of the glaciers of the Hindukushi-Himalayan region is either thinning or melting due to the warming of the earth, causing as a result glacier lakes inside the natural dam made up of moraines formed at the bottom of the glaciers. Moraine lakes, which are natural dams making up such glacier lakes, are likely to rise in the water level due to continuous fusing of glaciers, are likely to collapse by landslides and avalanches or cave in naturally, and such abrupt flooding causes tremendous damages to the lower reaches. Such phenomena that occur in regions similar to Mt.Himalaya are dubbed GLOF. Flooding of the GLOF Dig Tsho in the Kumhuhimal region, Nepal, which erupted in 1985, destroyed the Nimche minor hydroelectric power plant project, causing tremendous damages to the lower reaches of the river. The glacier lakes that flooded in China affected as far as Bhutan, India, Afghanistan, Myanmar and so forth, thus adversely affecting regions beyond national boundaries. The list of glaciers and glacier lakes in the 5 Hindukushi-Himalayan regions made up of Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan comprises 8,790 glaciers covering a total of 22,344 square kilometers, of which 204 are classified as potentially dangerous lakes. Since glacier lakes distributed in Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Myanmar and so forth are not dealt with in the list, the total scale of the glacier lakes would be much larger than the record on the list.
 
 
ºùÇÏÈ£ È£¼öµéÀº ÇÏ·ù¿¡ °ÅÁÖÇÏ´Â °øµ¿Ã¼µé¿¡°Ô Å« À§ÇùÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ³ó¾÷°ú »ê¸²ÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇÏ¿© »ì¾Æ°¡´Â °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿øÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» °®°í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. È£¼ö ¹ü¶÷ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇÏ°í Àα٠°øµ¿Ã¼µéÀÇ Ãë¾à¼ºÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºùÇÏÈ£·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼º ¶ÇÇÑ ÁöÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇöÀç ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇØ°áÇؾßÇÒ ³­Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÀ» ÅëÇÑ ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ºùÇÏÈ£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °úÇÐÀû Á¤º¸ ¼öÁý°ú Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ È®¸³, ºùÇÏ È«¼ö ÇÇÇØ ¿ÏÈ­¸¦ À§ÇÑ Á¤Ã¥µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
 
While glacier lakes pose threats to the communities next to the downstream, they could be used as water resources for the community relying on agriculture and forest resources for a living. It is a task difficult for us to solve to minimize risks of flooding of the lakes, and maintaining the possibility of gaining profits from those glacier lakes while at the same time protecting the community in the neighborhood from vulnerability to flooding. To this end, it is necessary to collect precise scientific information on the existing glacier lakes through monitoring and establish an early warning system, and map out policies to reduce damages caused by glacier flooding.
 
2. ºùÇÏÈ£ È«¼ö ´ëºñ»ç¾÷°ú ¿¬°èµÈ Action Plan
Action Plan associated with glacier lake flooding prevention programs
- Conduct research and develop methodology/models for making future climate projections for cross boarder hazards, shared river basin. [¥°-A-2]
- Develop contingency plans including effects on cross borders of displaces population and identifying alternative livelihood opportunities. [¥°-A-2]
- Review/update/establish institutional mechanisms and financial allocations for displaced and their livelihood needs. [¥°-A-2]
- Conduct capacity building programmes on comprehensive climate hazard risk analysis. [¥°-A-3] [¥±-B-3]
- Research studies to determine development linkages, locations/nature and extent of hazards exacerbated by climate change. [¥°-A-4]
- Conduct research to identify vulnerability of livelihoods of community groups in different economic segments and preservation of cultural heritage from the effects of climate change. [¥°-A-5]
- Conduct studies to identify climate related risks in specific ecosystems including mountains and river basins. [¥°-A-6]
- Training and capacity building including development of resource materials. [¥°-B-1] [¥±-B-1]
- Linking these initiatives to various national level training programmes /institutes. [¥°-B-1]
 
3. ºùÇÏÈ£ È«¼ö ´ëºñ»ç¾÷°ú ¿¬°èµÈ 5°³±¹(È÷¸»¶ó¾ß Áö¿ª)
5 countries associated with counter-glacier flooding programs (The Himalayan region)
 
Country Location Capital Time zone Climate Common language Political System
Bhutan Inland of South-West Asia Thimplu UTC+6 Tropical climate,High precipitation Dzongkha, English Constitutional Monarchy
India South Asia New Delhi UTC+5:30 Tropical monsoon climate 14 languages besides Hidi. Common language: English Federal republicanism
Nepal Aah, central part of Mt. Himalaya Kathmandu UTC+5.75 Climate varies noticeably depending on altitude, Affected by monsoon Nepalese Republicanism
Pakistan South-Western Asia Islamabad UTC+5 High altitude climate - Steppe or temperate zone -Steppe and dry climate of the desert Urdu, Punjabi, Syndi, Pushit, English Federal republicanism
Bangladesh North-Eastern part of the IndianPeninsula Dacca UTC+6 Hot and humid, Semi-tropical monsoon climate Bangalese Republicanism
 
4. ¼±Çà ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® µ¿Çâ(ºùÇÏÈ£ÀÇ ±¹Á¦ ¿¬±¸ ¿ª»ç)
Trend of previous projects (History of international study on glacier lakes)
 
1981³â 7¿ù 11ÀÏ, ³×ÆÈÀÇ ¼±Äڽà ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü¼ÒÀÇ º¸°¡ Å« È«¼ö·Î Æı«µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ È«¼ö·Î µÎ°³ ´Ù¸®¿Í Arniko °í¼Óµµ·ÎÀÇ »ó´çÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ Æı«µÇ¾î ¹ÌÈ­ 3¹é¸¸ ´Þ·¯¸¦ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÇÇÇØ °¡ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ¸³ª È«¼öÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ» ¹àÇô³»Áö´Â ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ 1985³â 8¿ù 4ÀÏ¿¡´Â Dig Tsho(³×ÆÈ ÄñºÎÈ÷¸»ÀÇ ºùÇÏÈ£) ºùÇÏÈ£ ¹ü¶÷ È«¼ö°¡ ³²Ã¼ ¼ö±Ô¸ð ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü ½Ã¼³À» ÃÊÅäÈ­½ÃÅ°°í ±× ÇÏ·ù±îÁö »ó´çÇÑ ÇÇÇظ¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃÄ״µ¥ 1981³â È«¼ö°¡ Áß±¹(ƼºªÀÚÄ¡±¸)¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ Zhangzangbo ºùÇÏÈ£°¡ ¹ü¶÷ÇÏ¿© ±¹°æ³Ê¸ÓÀÇ ³×ÆÈ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ °ÍÀÓÀ» ÀÔÁõÇÏ¿´´Ù.
 
The dam of hydroelectric power plant in Sunko City, Nepal, was destroyed by a great flooding on July 11, 1981, destroying two bridges and much of the Amiko high way and causing a loss of over US$ 3 million without identifying the cause of the disaster. Moreover, the flooding of Lake Dig Tsho (glacier lake in Kumhimal, Nepal) on August 4, 1985, devastated the small-scaled Nimche hydroelectric power facilities, causing substantial damage down the lower reaches. In addition, the flooding in 1981 caused by flooding of Zhangzangbo glacier lake proved it affected as far as Nepal by going beyond the national border.
 
³×ÆÈ ¼ö·Â ¿¡³ÊÁö À§¿øȸ »ç¹«±¹(WECS)Àº ºùÇÏÈ£ ºùÇÏÈ«¼ö(GLOF)ÀÇ À§Çè°¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶»ç¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´°í Áö±Ý±îÁö »ó´çÇÑ ¼º°ú ´Þ¼ºÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀϺΠÈ÷¸»¶ó¾ß ºùÇϵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀ» ±× ÀÌÀüºÎÅÍ ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ÀÖ¾î¿ÔÁö¸¸, 1974³â ÀεµÁöÁúÁ¶»ç±¹ (GSI) ºùÇÏÇкΰ¡ ¼³¸³µÇ¸é¼­ºÎÅÍ º¸´Ù ü°èÀûÀÎ ºùÇÏ¿¬±¸ ¼öÇàÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áß±¹ ¶ÇÇÑ 1979³â°ú 2002³â »çÀÌ¿¡ Àü±¹¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ºùÇÏÈ£ ¸ñ·ÏÈ­ ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´°í, ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ °øµ¿¿¬±¸¸¦ À§ÇØ ICIMOD°¡ ¼³¸³µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ICIMOD´Â 1986³âºÎÅÍ ºùÇÏ¿Í ºùÇÏÈ£ ¸ñ·ÏÈ­¿Í À§Çè°¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºùÇÏÈ£ ±¸ºÐ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ WECSÀÇ Çù·ÂÀÌ Æ¯È÷ µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù. WECS´Â ³×ÆÈÀÇ ºùÇÏÈ£µé »óŸ¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ¿© ´õ ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ Á¶»ç°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºùÇÏÈ£µéÀ» Ãß·Á³»°í ºùÇÏÈ£ Áß °¡Àå À§ÇèÇÑ Dig Tsho, Imja Tsho, Tsho Rolpa, Lower Barun ºùÇÏÈ£¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù.
 
Secretariat of the Nepal Hydroelectric Power Energy Committee embarked on an investigation into possibility of risks of GLOF by glacier lakes, producing substantial results to date. While studies on glaciers of Mt.Himalaya has steadily been conducted for long, a systematic study started when Department of Glaciers introduced in Geological Survey of India (GSI) was established in1974. China also started to push forward the cataloging of glacier lakes country wide between 1979 and 2002, while ICIMOD was established for joint international studies. ICIMOD started to catalog glacier lakes and conducted studies on the distinguishing of risky glacier lakes. In the process, cooperation of WECS stands out. WECS evaluated the status of glacier lakes, singled out those that need further study, and embarked on detailed studies on Dig Tsho, Imja Tsho, Tsho Rolpa, Lower Barun glacier lakes, which were evaluated as most dangerous.
 
 
ÀϺ»±¹Á¦Çù·Â´ÜÀÇ ÀçÁ¤Àû Áö¿ø°ú Àü¹®°¡µéÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î ÃÖÃÊ ½ÇÇèÀû Àü±âºñÀúÇ× Åä¸ð±×·¡ÇÇ, ÀúÁÖÆÄ ÁöÇ¥Åõ°ú·¹ÀÌ´õ Ž»ç¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ³×ÆÈ ¸¶³ª½½·çÈ÷¸»¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ Åø¶ó±â(Thulagi) ºùÇÏÈ£ ¸»´Ü ºùÅð¼®´ïÀÇ Ç¥¸é ¹Ø »óŸ¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿© Åø¶ó±â ºùÇÏÈ£ÀÇ ÀáÀçÀû À§Ç輺À» ¹àÇô³»±âµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ºùÇÏÈ£ È«¼ö·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÇÏ·ùÀÇ ÇÇÇØ À§ÇèÀÌ À̽´È­µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ÈùµÎ Äí½Ã-È÷¸»¶ó¾ß Áö¿ª ºùÇÏÈ£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½Éµµ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
An analysis of the status of the underneath part of the moraine dam at Thulagi located at Manasluhymal, Nepal, was conducted with the aid of the first experimental electric non-resistant tomography and probes potential risks of the Thulagi glacier lake by means of a low-frequency ground penetrating radar, thanks to financial support from Japan International Cooperation Group and other experts. With the risk that may cause damages by flooding of glacier lakes becoming an issue, attention to the glacier lakes in the Kushi-Himalayan region is on the rise.
 
¸î¸î ±¹Á¦±â°üµé(CIDA, JICA,UNEP)ÀÇ ICIMOD È°µ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¿øÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ°Å³ª ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ Áö¿ª ¿Ü ±â°üµé ȤÀº °³º°Àû ´ëÇÐ ´Üüµéµµ ³×ÆÈ, ºÎź È÷¸»¶ó¿Í ºÏºÎ ÆÄÅ°½ºÅºÀÇ Á¶»ç¿¡ µ¿ÂüÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³×ÆÈ ºùÇÏÇРŽÇè´ë(GEN) ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀϺ» ȪīÀ̵µ, ³ª°í¾ß, µµÄì´ëÇÐ µî°ú ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ ´ëÇÐ ±¹¸³ºù¼³Á¤º¸¼¾ÅÍ/NASA ¶ÇÇÑ GLIMS(¼¼°èºùÇÏÁö´ë ¿ìÁÖ°üÃø) ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® ÁøÇà ¹× Á¤º¸ ¼öÁýÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¿¡¹ö¸®½ºÆ®À§½º ´ëÇÐ, ·¹À̳îÁî ÁöÁú°úÇÐȸ»ç¿Í °°Àº ±â°üµé°ú ´Ù¸¥ µ¶ÀÏ ±â°üµéµµ Tsho Rolpa¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ³×ÆÈ°ú ºÎźÀÇ ºùÇÏÈ£µé ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Ä³³ª´Ù ¿ÂŸ¸®¿ÀÀÇ ÀªÇÁ¸®µå·ÎÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÐ Àú¿ÂÁö¿ª¿¬±¸¼¾ÅÍ¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÈ Kenneth Hewitt°ú ±×ÀÇ ÆÀÀº 1960³â´ëºÎÅÍ ÆÄÅ°½ºÅº Ä«¶óÄÚ·ë¿¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇöÀåÁ¶»ç ½ÃÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ºó ´ëÇб³´Â ºÎź ºùÇÏÈ£ À§Çè ¿ÏÈ­Á¤Ã¥ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Support for ICIMOD activities of several international institutions (CIDA, JICA, UNEP) are steadily being expanded, while at the same time extra-regional institutions or individual universities are participating in the investigation in Nepal, Bhutan, the Himalayan area, and the northern part of Pakistan. At the same time, Hotkaido University participating in the Nepal glacier science explorative team(GEN), Naygoya University and Tokyo University are joining in the investigation into the glacier lakes. Besides, National Glacier and Snowfall Information Center/NASA of Colorado, the United States, is spearheading the GLIMS (Observation of the Universe in the World Glacier Region) project while collecting information, and Aberystwyth University of Britain, and other institutions like Reynolds Geological Science Corporation and German institutions are conducting studies on glacier lakes of Nepal and Bhutan including Tsho Ropa. Besides, Kenneth Hewitt and his team belonging to Low-Temperature Area Research Center of Wilfred Laurier of Ontario University, Canada, have been conducting various on-site research in Karakolum, Pakistan, since 1960s, and Wien University is conducting a study on glacier lake risk relieving policies in Bhutan.
 
5. ±âÁ¸ Àú°¨¹æ¹ýÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡
Problems of existing relief methods
 
(1) ±âÁ¸ °æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛ
(Existing Warning System)
 
´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº µ¿ºÎ³×ÆÈÀÇ Å¸¸¶Äڽà ÇϺÎÀ¯¿ª¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç Æ®¶óÄ«µù(Trakarding) ºùÇϸ¦ ¼ö°ø±Þ¿øÀ¸·Î »ï°íÀÖ´Â Tsho Rolpa ºùÇÏ È£¼ö Áö¿ª¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Tsho Rolpa È£¼öÀÇ ¼öÀ§°¡ ºùÅð¼®´ïÀÇ ÃÖ»ó´ÜºÎ±îÁö ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ¹ü¶÷Á÷ÀüÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿ì À§ÇèÇÑ »óŶó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹àÇôÁü¿¡ µû¶ó Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ ¹ü¶÷µÇ¾î ºùÇÏ È«¼ö°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϸé ÇÏ·ù¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ·Ñ¿Ð¸µ °è°îÀÌ Ä§¼öµÇ°í ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ ½É°¢ÇÑ Àθí¼Õ½Ç°ú 60MWÀÇ Khimti ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü¼Ò¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ »çȸ½Ã¼³µéÀÇ Æı«°¡ ¹ß»ýµÉ °ÍÀÌ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 1998³â 6¿ù, º¥Äí¹öÀÇ ºê¸®Æ¼½ÃÄ÷³ºñ¾Æ ¼ö¹®Çб¹Á¦È¸»ç(BCHIL) MeteorComm°ú ±× Çù·ÂÀÚµéÀº ³×ÆÈÁ¤ºÎ ¼ö¹®±â»óÇкοÍÀÇ °è¾àÀ» ü°áÇÏ¿© Tsho Rolpa ºùÇÏ È£¼ö ÇÏ·ù¿¡ Á¶±â°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼³°è, °ø±Þ, ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
 
A typical early warning system is established in the river bed of the lower reaches of Tamaco City, Eastern Nepal, and in the Tsho Rolpa glacier lake area that looks to glaciers for the source of water supplies. An early warning system is established according as the water level of Lake Tsho Rolpa rose to the top level on the verge of flooding, revealing that the lake is highly threatening. In case flooding has occurred, the Lolwangling valley located in the lower reaches will be submerged under water, apparently claiming as a result many lives, and the destruction of social facilities including Khimti Hydroelectric Power Plant of 60MW. MeteroComm of International Hydrology, British Columbia of Vancouver, Canada, and his associates concluded an agreement with the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, for designing, supplying and installing an early warning system in the lower reaches of the glacier lake Tsho Rolpa.
 
¼¼°èÀºÇà(WB)Àº ÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ¹ÌÈ­·Î ÃÑ $1,032,000¸¦ Áö¿øÇÏ¿´°í, 1998³â 5¿ù Tsho Rolpa ºùÇÏ È£¼ö¿Í Ÿ¸¶Äڽà °è°î¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Á¶±â°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀº GLOF °¨Áö¿Í °æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, GLOF ¹ß»ýÀ» °¨ÁöÇÏ¸é ±×¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¼Û½Å¼Ò¿¡ Àü¼ÛÇÏ°í, ±×¿¡ µû¶ó °æº¸°úÁ¤À» ½ÇÇà¿¡ ¿Å°Ü °æº¸À½À¸·Î ÇÏ·ù°ÅÁֹε鿡°Ô »óȲÀ» ¾Ë¸®´Â ±¸Á¶·Î, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ µµ¿òÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÚµ¿È­µÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ´Ù. GLOF °¨Áö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº 6°³ÀÇ ¼öÀ§ ¼¾¼­·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ¼¾¼­µéÀº È£¼ö À¯Ãⱸ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Ù·Î ÇÏ·ù¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ºùÇÏ È«¼ö°¡ ½ÃÀÛ µÈÁö 2ºÐ ³»·Î ÇÏ·ù¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ °æº¸ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¼Û½ÅÇϴµ¥ °æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ·Ñ¿Ð¸µ°ú Ÿ¸¶Äڽà °è°îÀÇ 17°³ ¸¶À»¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ 19°³ °æº¸Áß°è±¹À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù.
 
World Bank offered US$ 1,032,000 in aid to the project in May, 1998. The GLOF sensing and warning system installed at the Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in May, 1998, is composed of GLOF sensing and warning system, which transmits related information to the transmission station when an incident of GLOF has been sensed, putting the warning process into practice, thus warning residents in the lower reaches of the risky situation, an automatic system that needs no human intervention. The GLOF sensing system which is composed of 6 water level sensors, which is located in the lower reaches right below the outlet of the lake, transmits signals to the warning system located at the downstream within 2 minutes of the flooding started. The warning system is composed of 19 warning relay stations installed in the 17 villages along the Rolwangring and TamacoCity.
 
¸¶À»¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ °æº¸ÀåÄ¡µéÀº 4.57m ³ôÀÌÀÇ µ¶¸³µÈ Ç¥ÁØ ¾Æ¿¬µµ±ÝöÀü½ÅÁÖ¿¡ °íÁ¤µÈ ¸ÞÅ׿À Åë½Åȸ»ç(MCC) 545-Æ®·»½º½Ã¹öµéÀ» žÀçÇÏ¿´°í, MCC 545´Â ÀüÁö¿Í Áß°è±â´ÉÀ» À§ÇÑ °æÀ½±â¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Àü½ÅÁÖ¿¡ ºÙ¾îÀÖ´Â ÆDZݹڽº ¾È¿¡ ³»Àå º¸°üµÇ¾ú´Ù. Àü½ÅÁÖ¿¡´Â ÃæÀüµÈ ¿¡¾î½Ç¸°´õÀÇ ÈûÀ¸·Î ÀÛµ¿µÇµµ·Ï ¼³°èµÈ °æº¸±â°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾îÀִµ¥ ÀÌ °æº¸±â´Â VHF ¶óµð¿ÀÅë½Å ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Á¶±â°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° ¿ä¼Ò´Â ¼­ºÎ³×ÆÈ ´ç°¡¸®(Dhangarhi)¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ Áß¾ÓÁ¦¾îÀåÄ¡·Î¼­ ¶óµð¿ÀÅë½Å½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ 1,600 km È®ÀåÇÏ¿´°í, Áß¾ÓÁ¦¾îâġ´Â ·Ñ¿Ð¸µ°ú Ÿ¸¶Äڽà °è°î ¿ø°Ý ÀåÄ¡µé°£ÀÇ ¿¬¶ôü°è¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í Ä«Æ®¸¸µÎ ±âÁö¸¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Warning systems installed in the villages is mounted with 545-transceivers of Meteo Communications Co.Ltd. (MCC) fixed on zinc-plated steel electric post of independent standard 4.57 m high, and MCC 545 includes a sound warning device for battery and relaying functions, and housed in the plated box attached on the electric post. On the electric post a warning device is installed designed to function with the aid of a charged air cylinder, and the warning device employs VHF radio communication technology. The second element of the early warning system, the centrally-controlled system installed at Dhangarthi in western Nepal, has expanded the scope of radio communications by 1,600km. The centrally-controlled system provides a relay system between remote-controlled devices in the Rolwangring dna Tamaco City, and plays the role of monitoring the Khatmandu base.
 
(3) ±âÁ¸ Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡
(Problems of the existing early warning system)
 
Tsho RolpaÀÇ Á¶±â °æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀº Ãֽűâ¼úÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ ÅºÅºÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ̾úÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, Áö¿ª´ÜüµéÀÇ ºÒÇùÁ¶¿Í ³×ÆÈÀÇ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû »óȲÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¼ÒÅë´ÜÀý µîÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¼³¸³ ÈÄ 4³â ÈÄÀÎ 2002³â¿¡ ±× ¿î¿ë Áß´ÜÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Áö¿ªÁֹεéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¿ëµµ·Î ¾²±âÀ§ÇØ ºÎÇ°À» ¶¼¾î°¡´Â ÀϱîÁö ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´°í ¸î ¹øÀÇ ¿À°æº¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Á¶±â°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Á߿伺 »ó½Ç µéÀ» °ÞÀ¸¸ç ´õ¿í ½ÉÇØÁ³´Ù. Tsho RolpaÀÇ °Í°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Á¶±â°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿¹´Â µ¿ºÎ ³×ÆÈÀÇ Upper Bhote Koshi °è°î¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº 2001³â¿¡ ƯÈ÷ Upper Bhote Koshi ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü¼Ò¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾ú´Ù.
 
Though the early warning system at Tsho Rolpa is a heavy-duty one using the state-of-art technology, no cooperation from the local autonomous body and Nepal¡¯s unstable political situation led to the cessation of operation in 2002, after four years of establishment due to failure to communicate caused by the political situation. Moreover, local residents went so far as take components out of the system for other uses, and several instances of wrong warning undermined importance of the early warning system, thus aggravating the situation. Another example of an early warning system similar to that at Tsho Rolpa occurred in the Upper Bhote Koshi valley. The system had been installed for the Upper Bhote Koshi hydroelectric power plant.
 
ÀÌ Á¶±â°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ³×ÆÈ-Áß±¹ °æ°è¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸¸¾à È£¼öÀÇ ¼öÀ§°¡ Å©°Ô »ó½ÂÇϸé ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ´ã´ç±â°ü°ú ¹ßÀü¼Ò¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÀåÄ¡·Î °æº¸½ÅÈ£ ¼Û½ÅÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¶±â°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¿ìÁ¤ÀÇ ´Ù¸®¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÈ ÀÏ°ö °³ÀÇ GLOF°¨Áö ¼¾¼­, ÇÑ°³ÀÇ ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ ¼öÀ§ÃøÁ¤±â, ¿©¼¸ °³ÀÇ Ç÷ÎÆ®½Ä ¼öÀ§Á¶ÀýÀåÄ¡µé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®ÀÖÀ¸¸ç VHF ¶óµð¿À ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÛµ¿µÈ´Ù. °æº¸»çÀÌ·»Àº ¾ÐÃàµÈ °æÀûÀ» ¿ï·Á 127dB Å©±â·Î ÃÖ¼Ò 33m ¹Û±îÁö ¼Ò¸®¸¦ Àü´Þ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ¼³°èµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¶±â°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ³×ÆÈ°ú Áß±¹ »çÀÌ¿¡ °æ°è±îÁö¸¸ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾ú°í Áß±¹ Ãø¿¡´Â ¼³Ä¡µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ³×ÆÈ°ú Áß±¹ °æ°è¿Í Upper Bhote Koshi ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü¼ÒÀÇ °Å¸®°¡ °¡±î¿ö¼­ Á¶±â °æº¸ ¹ß·É ÀÌÈÄ ÀçÇØ ´ëºñ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ª¾Æ È¿À²ÀûÀÌÁö ¸ø¿´´Ù. ±×³ª¸¶ ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü¼Ò Æı« °¡´É¼º ¶§¹®¿¡ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ °ü½ÉÀ» ¹ÞÀº ´ö¿¡ ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº Áö±Ý±îÁöµµ °è¼Ó »ç¿ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
This early warning system, which is installed in the Nepal-China boundary, transmits warning signals to the system installed at the agency where the system is installed and the power plant. The early warning system is composed of 7 GLOF sensing sensors installed at the Bridge of Friendship, one ultrasonic water level measuring device and six water level adjusting devices of float type,, and operates through VHF radio signals. The warning siren is designed in such a way that it may transmit compressed signals and sound as far as 33 meters away at the magnitude of 127dB. However, since the early warning system is installed up to the border between Nepal and China, not in China, and the border between Nepal and China and the hydroelectric power plant at Upper Bhote Koshi are so close that the counter-disaster time runs very short, thus making the system inefficient. Notwithstanding, the system continues to be used up until now owing to continuous attention received.
 
(4) ÇÏõ À¯·® º¯µ¿¼º °­È­ ¹× °Ç±â À¯·® °¨¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÃ¥ ºÎÀç
(Strengthening changeability of the river flux and lack of countermeasures against decreases in the flux)
 
È÷¸»¶ó¾ß Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ±âÈĺ¯È­´Â ºùÇÏ È£¼öÀÇ È®Àå¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºùÇÏ È«¼öÀÇ À§Çè°ú °­¿ìÀÇ º¯È­¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °Ç±â ½Ã À¯·® °¨¼Ò¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼öÀÚ¿ø ºÎÁ·, ¼ö·ÂÀü±â ±Þ°¨µîÀ» ¾ß±âÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù È÷¸»¶ó¾ß Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ¸ó¼ø ½Ã±â¿¡´Â °­¿ì·®ÀÌ ´Ã¾î³ª°í °Ç±â¿¡´Â °­¿ì·®°ú À¯·®ÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ÆíÀ¸·Î´Â 1³â µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ÇÏõ À¯·® º¯µ¿¼ºÀÌ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô È®´ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇöÀç ³×ÆÈ¿¡¼­ ÇâÈÄ °Ç¼³ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü ´É·ÂÀÇ 1-2% ¸¸ÀÌ °³¹ßµÈ »óÅ·Π¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü ½Ã¼³Àº À¯·®ÀÇ º¯È­, È«¼ö À§Çè ±×¸®°í ºùÇÏÈ£ È«¼ö µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÅðÀû¹° °ø±Þ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü¼Ò °Ç¼³ ¹× ¿î¿µÀÚµéÀÌ ³â °£ ¿øÇÒÇÑ Àü±â °ø±ÞÀ» Á¦°øÇϴµ¥ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ¸»ÇØ ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ À¯·®ÀÇ °¨¼Ò, À¯·®ÆøÀÇ Å« º¯È­´Â ³×ÆÈ, ºÎź°ú °°ÀÌ ±¹°¡ Àü·Â »ý»êÀ» ¼ö·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ±¹°¡¿¡´Â Å« ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹ß»ý½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ Áö¿ªÀÇ ³ó¾÷, °ø¾÷ µî¿¡µµ Å« ÇÇÇØ ¹ß»ý ¿¹»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
 
Climate changes to the Himalayan region cause risks of glacier flooding by expansion of glacier lakes, risks caused by insufficient water resources during dry periods due to decreases in water flux caused by changes in rainfall, and sharp decrease in hydroelectricity and so forth. Recently in the Himalayan region, rainfall increases during the monsoon period, rainfall and water flux decrease during dry periods. On the other hand, changeability in the river water flux seriously increases as a matter of fact. Moreover, a slim 1 - 2 % of hydroelectric power generation capacity that can be developed in Nepal, and hydroelectric power facilities are seriously affected by changes in water flux, threats of flooding, and supply of deposits by flooding of glacier lakes and so forth. This indicates that hydroelectric power plant builders and operators find it difficult to supply sufficient amount of electricity throughout the year. Under such circumstances, decreases in water flux and noticeable changes in water flux could cause serious problems to those countries depending on water for the production of the nations' electric power. Besides, such problems are highly likely to cause serious damages to agriculture, the manufacturing industry and so forth.
 

Distribution of Hydroelectric Power Plants in Nepal
 
6. ¿¬±¸±âȹ¾È µµÃâ
Proposed study plans derived
 
(1) Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ´ëÀÀ ¹æ¹ý
(Ways of coping with the early warning system)
 
ºØ±« À§ÇèÀÌ Å« ºùÇÏÈ£ÀÇ ¿¹°æº¸´Â ¼öÀ§¿ø°Ý°üÃø, À§Çèµµ Æò°¡, ÁֹδëÇÇÁ¤º¸ Àü´ÞÀÇ °úÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öÀ§º¯È­ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µÀ¸·Î´Â ºùÇÏ ¼ºÀå¿¡ µû¸¥ ±Ô¸ð¸¦ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, Á¦¹æÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °üÃøÀÚ·áÀÇ Á¤º¸ Àü´Þ ü°è ¹Ìºñ·Î À¯Áö°ü¸®¿¡ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖ°í, Áö¿ø ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ °æ¿ì ÇöÁö »óȲÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ¼±Áø¹æÀç±â¼ú µµÀÔÀ¸·Î ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® Á¾·á ÈÄ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿¹°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ À¯Áö°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ºùÇÏȣȫ¼ö´Â ÀÚ¿¬ Á¦¹æÀÌ ÁÖº¯ ±Þ°æ»çÁöÀÇ ºØ±«¿Í ¼öÀ§ Áõ°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ȤÀº ½º½º·Î ºØ±«Çؼ­ ¹ß»ýÇϸç, ÇÇÇرԸð´Â Àú¼ö·®¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁö¹Ç·Î ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ÖƼ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸ÃàÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Ù.
 
Precautionary and warning systems against glacier lakes highly likely to collapse are made up of remote-controlled observation, evaluation of the degree of risks, and the dissemination of information on resident evacuation. Mere monitoring of changes in the water level is not sufficient enough to evaluate the size depending on the growth of glaciers, and makes it impossible to evaluate safety of the embankment. Moreover, lack of information dissemination system makes maintenance and management difficult. Introduction of advanced disaster prevention methods without regard for the local situation in the case of supportive projects makes continuous maintenance of precautionary and warning system impossible after the project has been terminated. Flooding in glacier lakes occur when natural embankments have collapsed due to collapse of nearby sharp slopes, rise in the water level or collapse by themselves . Since the size of the damage varies depending on the amount of water stored, it is necessary to build a multiple monitoring system that makes it possible to monitor all the elements.
 
ºùÇÏȣȫ¼öÀÇ ¿¹°æº¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ±ØÇÑ ±âÈÄÁ¶°Ç¿¡¼­ °èÃø°ü¸®°¡ °¡´ÉÇÑ ³»±¸¼ºÀ» º¸À¯ÇÑ ¼¾¼­ÀÇ Àû¿ë°ú ºñ»ó½Ã ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Àü¿ø°ø±ÞÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀåÄ¡°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í, °üÃøÀÚ·áÀÇ Àü¼ÛÀ» À§ÇÑ À¯/¹«¼± Á¤º¸ Åë½Å, ±Ù°Å¸®/¿ø°Å¸® ÀÚ·á Àü¼Û ¹æ¾È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¹³» ¹æÀç±â¼ú°ú È÷¸»¶ó¾ß Áö¿ª¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÑ ±â¼ú È®º¸ ¹æ¾ÈÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ DEMs, À§¼º¿µ»ó, À§Ä¡Á¤º¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ºùÇÏÀÇ ÈÄÅð¿Í ºùÇÏÈ£ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ¹æ¾È°ú ºùÇÏÈ£ ¼ºÀå°ú ¿¹°æº¸ ¹ß·É ÆǴܱâÁØ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
 
Precautionary and warning systems need application of durable sensors that makes it possible to measure management under extreme climatic conditions and devices that can supply power sources under emergency, and wire/wireless information communications for the transmission of observed data, domestic disaster prevention technology for close and remote distance data transmitting measures and measures of securing technology applicable to the Himalayan region. Besides, measures of monitoring the retreat of glaciers and the growth of glacier lakes utilizing DEMs, satellite imaging, geographic positioning system and studies on precautionary and warning sounding standards are required.
 
(2) ºùÇÏ È«¼ö¿Í °Ç±â À¯·® °¨¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾ÇÕÀû ´ëÀÀ ¹æ¹ý
(Comprehensive methods of coping with glacier flooding and decreases in water flux)
 
³×ÆÈ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀüÀº ³×ÆÈÀÇ °æÁ¦¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î °è¼Ó ÃßÁøÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ºùÇÏ È«¼ö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ µ¹¹ß È«¼ö ¹ß»ý ½Ã ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü ½Ã¼³ÀÌ Æı«µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ À¯·® °¨¼Ò½Ã ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü·®ÀÌ Å©°Ô °¨¼ÒÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀüÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â ºùÇÏ È«¼ö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ µ¹¹ß È«¼ö°ú À¯·® °¨¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÃ¥ ¼ö¸³ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ºùÇÏ È«¼ö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ µ¹¹ß È«¼ö°ú À¯·® °¨¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÃ¥À¸·Î ºùÇÏÈ£¿Í ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü¼Ò »çÀÌ¿¡ ºùÇÏ È«¼ö ¹æÀç´ï °Ç¼³ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
 
Hydroelectric power generation in Nepal plays a role essential to the country's economy, thus requiring continuous upkeep. However, in case urgent flooding occurs including glacier flooding, hydroelectric power generation facilities will be destroyed. Moreover, in case the water flux decreases, the level of hydroelectric power generation will also drastically decline. Therefore, for continuous hydroelectric power generation, it is necessary to map out measures against drastic fall in hydroelectric power generation including abrupt flooding such as glacier flooding and decrease in water flux. It is necessary to build dams that will prevent glacier flooding from occurring between glacier lakes and the hydroelectric power plant.
 
È«¼ö ¹æÀç´ïÀ» ¿ì±â¿¡´Â ¿­¾î ³õ°í °Ç±â ¹Ù·Î ÀüºÎÅÍ ´Ý°í ¹°À» ÀúÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¼³°èÇÒ °æ¿ì °æ¿ì ¿ì±â¿¡´Â µ¹¹ß È«¼ö ÇÇÇظ¦ Àú°¨ ½ÃÅ°°í °Ç±â¿¡´Â À¯·®À» È®º¸ÇÏ¿© Àϳ⠳»³» ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü¿¡ Å« µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ È«¼ö ¹æÀç´ïÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î´Â °æÁ¦¼ºÀÌ ¾øÀ»Áö ¸ô¶óµµ ÇÏ·ùÀÇ ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü ½Ã¼³ º¸È£¿Í µ¹¹ß È«¼ö ½Ã ÇÇÇØ Àú°¨ ±×¸®°í ¿ì±â¿¡ À¯·® À¯Áö ¸éÀ» °í·ÁÇÒ ¶§ °æÁ¦¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾î ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ°¡ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, È«¼ö ¹æÀç´ïÀº ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü´ï°ú ´Þ¸® °æ»ç°¡ ±ÞÇÑ °÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °æ»ç°¡ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÏ°í µ¹¹ß È«¼ö½Ã ¹°À» ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î Àú·ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °÷À» ¼±Á¤ÇÏ¿©¾ßÇϳª ÀÌ·± Àå¼Ò¸¦ ã±â Èûµé¸ç µ¿Åäȯ°æ, µµ·Î µî »çȸ±â¹Ý ½Ã¼³ÀÇ ¹Ìºñ, °íÀ§µµ µî ¿­¾ÇÇÑ °Ç¼³ ȯ°æ°ú °æÁ¦¼º ¶§¹®¿¡ ´ï °Ç¼³¿¡ ¿©·¯ ¾î·Á¿î Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ´ï °Ç¼³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å¸´ç¼º Á¶»ç°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
 
Designing of flooding prevention dams that will be opened during a rainy season and closed right prior to a dry season will help decrease damages due to sudden flooding, and secure water flux during a dry period, significantly helping the power plant to run throughout the year. Therefore, even though the flooding prevention dam does not have economic value of its own, it could have economic value in view of protection of electric power generation in the downstream, reduction of damages from sudden flooding and upkeep of water flux during rainy seasons, making it necessary to conduct a detailed study on the issue. However, unlike power generation dams, flooding prevention dams should be located in places with a gentle slope where water can be stored temporarily in case of sudden flooding rather than places with a steep slope. However, such an ideal location is hard to locate, and it is difficult to build a dam due to frozen soil, paralyzed social infrastructure facilities including roads and so forth, adverse construction environment like high latitudes, and economic considerations and so forth. This makes it necessary to conduct a study on the validity of building dams.
 
6. ¿¬±¸±âȹ¾È
Proposed Study Plan
 
±âÁ¸ÀÇ Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ´ï ÇÏ·ùÀÇ À¯·® º¯È­¿Í È£¼öÀÇ ¼öÀ§¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀÎ ¼öÀ§ Áõ°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºùÇÏ È«¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶±â °æº¸°¡ °¡´ÉÇϳª »ê»çųª ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÈ ºùÅð¼® ´ïÀÇ ÀÚü ºØ±«¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºùÇÏ È«¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶±â °æº¸´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëóÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º¹ÇÕ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °®Ãá Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù.
Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ °æºñ°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ µé°í °ü¸®°¡ Èûµé¾î ³×ÆÈÀ̳ª ºÎź °°Àº Àú ¼Òµæ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­´Â °ü¸®°¡ Èûµé´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ °æºñ¸¦ ȹ±âÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÙÀÌ°í °ü¸®°¡ ½¬¿î Á¶±â °æº¸ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸ÃàÀÌ Èûµé´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á¿¡´Â ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Áö¿ª Á¤º¸ ȹµæÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¸ç ¿ì¸®³ª¶óÀÇ ¾Õ¼± IT, Á¤º¸Åë½Å ±â¼úÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒ ¼öÇà ¿¹»óµÈ´Ù.
È÷¸»¶ó¾ß Áö¿ªÀº µ¹¹ß È«¼ö µîÀÇ È«¼ö ÇÇÇØ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °Ç±â¿¡ ¼ö·®ÀÌ °è¼Ó ÁÙ¾îµé¸é¼­ ³ó»ç, °ø¾÷, »ýÈ°¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¿ë¼ö ºÎÁ·°ú ¼ö·Â ¹ßÀü¿¡ Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ºùÇÏ È«¼ö ÇÇÇظ¦ ¹æÁöÇÏ¸ç °Ç±âÀÇ ¼ö·® ºÎÁ·¿¡ µû¸¥ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æÀç´ïÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
 
While the existing warning system, which measures changes in water flux in the downstream of the dam and the water level in the lake, makes it possible to sound early warning signals against rises in the water level and glacier flooding, it is impossible to sound early warning signals against mountain landslides and collapse of moraine dams that has naturally formed. Therefore, an early warning system complete with a complex monitoring system that will make it possible to come to grips with such a problem is required. However, it is difficult to build and manage such an early warning system in such low-income countries as Nepal and Bhutan since such a system requires high costs and is hard to manage. Therefore, it is difficult to build an early warning system that can cut costs drastically and is easy to manage. Solution of such a problem needs detailed information on the area concerned, and this is where korea with its advanced IT technology comes into play. Serious problems are taking place in the Himalayan region for lack of water for agriculture, industry, and day to day living, and hydroelectric power generation with the water level continuously falling during dry periods as well as damages caused by sudden flooding. Therefore, disaster preventing dams are required that will prevent damages by glacier flooding and solve problems caused by lack of water during dry periods.
 
Áö¾ÆÀÌ Áö¹ÝÁ¤º¸¿¬±¸¼Ò
ÁÖ¼Ò:ºÎ»ê±¤¿ª½Ã ¿¬Á¦±¸ Áß¾Ó´ë·Î 1048¹ø±æ 11(¿¬»êµ¿) 3Ãþ   ÀüÈ­ : 051-506-9261
¨Ï 2013 GEO-INFORMATION. All rights reserved. Privacy.